Groundwater irrigation and its implications for water policy in semiarid countries: the Spanish experience   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Alberto Garrido  Pedro Martínez-Santos  M. Ramón Llamas 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(3):340-349

Over the last decades, groundwater irrigation has become commonplace in many arid and semiarid regions worldwide, including Spain. This is largely a consequence of the advances in drilling and pumping technologies, and of the development of Hydrogeology. Compared with traditional surface water irrigation systems, groundwater irrigation offers more reliable supplies, lesser vulnerability to droughts, and ready accessibility for individual users. Economic forces influence the groundwater irrigation sector and its development. In Spain's Mediterranean regions, abstraction costs often amount to a very small fraction of the value of crops. In the inner areas, groundwater irrigation supports a more stable flow of farm income than rainfed agriculture. The social (jobs/m³) and economic (€/m³) value of groundwater irrigation generally exceeds that of surface water irrigation systems. However, poor groundwater management and legal controversies are currently at the base of Spain's social disputes over water. A thorough and transparent assessment of the relative socio-economic value of groundwater in relation to surface water irrigation might contribute to mitigate or avoid potential future conflicts. Enforcement of the European Union's Water Framework Directive may deliver better groundwater governance and a more sustainable use.

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Resumen Durante las últimas décadas, la irrigación con agua subterránea se ha vuelto común en muchas regiones áridas y semiáridas alrededor del mundo, incluyendo a España. Ésta es en gran medida una consecuencia de los adelantos en las tecnologías de perforación y bombeo, y del desarrollo de la Hidrogeología. Comparada con los sistemas tradicionales de irrigación con agua superficial, la irrigación con agua subterránea ofrece suministros más fiables, la vulnerabilidad es menor a las sequías, y posee accesibilidad inmediata para los usuarios individuales. Las fuerzas económicas influyen el sector de irrigación con agua subterránea y su desarrollo. En las regiones mediterráneas de España, los costos de extracción suman a menudo una parte muy pequeña del valor de las cosechas. En las áreas internas, la irrigación con agua subterránea constituye un flujo más estable de ingresos para la granja, que la agricultura dependiente del agua lluvia. El valor social (empleos/m³) y económico (€/m³) de la irrigación con agua subterránea, generalmente excede a aquél con sistemas de irrigación de agua superficial. Sin embargo, la gestión pobre del agua subterránea y las controversias legales están actualmente en la base de las disputas sociales en España acerca del agua. Una evaluación completa y transparente del valor socio-económico relativo de agua subterránea respecto a la irrigación con agua superficial, podría contribuir mitigar o evitar los conflictos potenciales del futuro. La entrada en vigor del Marco Reglamentario de Agua de la Unión Europea, puede conllevar a una administración mejor del agua subterránea y a un uso más sostenible.

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Résumé Depuis les dernières décennies, l’irrigation avec l’eau souterraine est devenue commune dans plusieurs régions arides et semi-arides, incluant l’Espagne. Ceci est largement une conséquence due à l’avancement aux technologies de forages et des pompages, et au développement de l’Hydrogéologie. Comparé avec des systèmes traditionnels d’irrigation utilisant l’eau de surface, l’irrigation avec l’eau souterraine offre une technique d’alimentation plus fiable, une vulnérabilité à la sécheresse moins grande, et une accessibilité plus aisée pour chaque utilisateur. Les forces économiques influencent le secteur de l’irrigation par l’eau souterraine et son développement. Dans les régions de l’Espagne Méditerranéenne, les coûts d’exploitation représentent toujours une petite fraction de la valeur des cultures. Dans les régions intérieures, l’irrigation par l’eau souterraine supporte une agriculture plus stable et continue qu’une agriculture reposant sur l’eau de pluie. La valeur sociale (emploi/m³) et économique (€/m³) de l’irrigation avec l’eau souterraine, excède généralement celle des systèmes d’irrigation avec l’eau de surface. Néanmoins, des gestions pauvres de l’eau souterraine et des controverses légales sont couramment à la base de disputes sociales sur l’eau. Un bilan transparent et minutieux des valeurs relatives socio-économiques de l’eau souterraine en relation avec l’eau de surface d’irrigation, devrait contribuer à éviter de potentiels et futurs conflits. Un renforcement de la Directive Cadre de l’Union Européenne devrait apporter une meilleure gouvernance et un usage plus durable.

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天津市武清区地热资源分布特征与开发利用     

刘现川 《中国煤田地质》2006,(Z1)

武清区分布有丰富的地下热水资源,热储层具有双层结构,成因类型为传导型,热水矿化度低,赋存深度大多在可及深度范围之内,为热水资源的多重开发和利用提供了有利条件,在供暖、医疗、饮用、养殖等方面都具有良好的开发利用前景。  相似文献   

Comparison of TRMM and Water District Rain Rates over New Mexico   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

Long S. CHIU  Zhong LIU  Jearanai VONGSAARD  Stanley MORAIN  Amy BUDGE  Paul NEVILLE  Chandra BALES 《大气科学进展》2006,23(1):1-13

This paper compares monthly and seasonal rain rates derived from the Version 5 (V5) and Version 6 (V6) TRMM Precipitation Radar (TPR, TSDIS reference 2A25), TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI, 2A12), TRMM Combined Instrument (TCI, 2B31), TRMM calibrated IR rain estimates (3B42) and TRMM merged gauge and satellite analysis (3B43) algorithms over New Mexico (NM) with rain gauge analyses provided by the New Mexico water districts (WD). The average rain rates over the NM region for 1998–2002 are 0.91mmd?1 for WD and 0.75, 1.38, 1.49, 1.27, and 1.07mmd?1 for V5 3B43, 3B42, TMI, PR and TCA; and 0.74, 1.38, 0.87 and 0.97 mm d?1 for V6 3B43, TMI, TPR and TCA, respectively. Comparison of V5 3B43 with WD rain rates and the daily TRMM mission index (TPR and TMI) suggests that the low bias of V5 3B43 for the wet months (summer to early fall) may be due to the non-inclusion of some rain events in the operational gauge analyses that are used in the production of V5 3B43. Correlation analyses show that the WD rain rates vary in phase, with higher correlation between neighboring WDs. High temporal correlations (>0.8) exist between WD and the combined algorithms (3B42, 3B43 and TCA for both V5 and V6) while satellite instrument algorithms (PR, TMI and TCI) are correlated best among themselves at the monthly scale. Paired t-tests of the monthly time series show that V5 3B42 and TMI are statistically different from the WD rain rates while no significant difference exists between WD and the other products. The agreements between the TRMM satellite and WD gauge estimates are best for the spring and fall and worst for winter and summer. The reduction in V6 TMI (?7.4%) and TPR (?31%) rain rates (compared to V5) results in better agreement between WD estimates and TMI in winter and TPR during summer.  相似文献   

神府东胜矿区煤中微量元素初步研究   总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9  

窦廷焕  肖达先 《煤田地质与勘探》1998,26(3):11-15

采用神府东胜矿区廷安组５个可采煤层７３２个煤心煤样,应用光谱、原子荧光、原子吸收等分析方法,测定了煤中２３种微量元素。阐述了微量元素在煤中的含量分布和微量元素相对于地壳丰的富集系数,并对有害元素有用元素进行了初步评价。  相似文献   

A NUMERICAL MODEL OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN HANDUN IRRIGATION DISTRICT     

GAO Jianen  Senior Engineer  North-West Hydro-technical Science Research Institute  Yangling  Shaanxi  China WAN Zhaohui  Professor  China Institute of Water Resources & Hydropower Research  P.O. Box  Beijing . China CHEN Zhicong  Profe 《国际泥沙研究》1997,(3)

LABRIEFINTRODUCTIONOFRANDUNIRRIGATIONDISTRICTYellowRiverisoneofthemainWaterresourcesinNOrthChina.SincethefiftiesirrigationbydivertingwaterfromtheYellowforerdevelOPssteadily.AstheYdlowforerisaheavilysacmentsladenone,sedimentisdiVertedsimultaneouslywhenwaterisdiverted.HOwtoproperlytreatthedivertedsedimentboomesoneOfthekeyproblemsrestrichngthesustainingdevelOPmentofthCwaterresourcesinthatarea.LongchStanceconvopngsedimentisoneofthemainmeasuresfordealingwiththediVertedsedim…  相似文献   

Paleolimnological analysis of Ullswater using testate amoebae     

Robert L. Ellison 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1995,13(1):51-63

Tests of testate amoebae extracted from samples of bottom sediments from 33 tarns in the English Lake District reveal a relationship between their distribution and physical-chemical parameters of the tarn waters.Nebela and several species ofDifflugia appear to prefer more acidic conditions, i.e., pH less than 6.2, while others such asCentropyxis, Lesquereusia and some species ofCyclopyxis andDifflugia are more common in lakes with pH's above that value.Using these data, and inferring rates of sedimentation from the densities of tests found in a 6-m core, a paleolimnological history for the past 11 000 years is presented for Ullswater (English Lake District). The record of testate amoebae, beginning shortly after deglaciation, depicts an uneven increase in acidity and a history of episodes of rapid and slow deposition that correlate reasonably well with paleoclimatological changes and anthropogenic alterations in the catchment.  相似文献   

新世纪的广州市中心商务区建设     

邹义荣  肖玲  周礼坤 《云南地理环境研究》2003,15(3):77-82

中心商务区的建设是城市经济水平的折影。中心商务区的3个发展演化阶段：前现代主义的中心商务区、现代主义的中心商务区、后现代主义的中心商务区。从发展战略角度出发，广州市以珠江新城为中心的中心商务区应致力于后现代主义的中心商务区建设，与传统中心商务区形成系列化、互补协调的中心商务区系统。根据广州市建设后现代主义中心商务区的条件并参照国内外中心商务区建设的经验，广州以珠江新城为中心的中心商务区建设应在增强自身吸引力的同时，导入后现代主义开发意识，以适合新世纪新经济、新文化等新形势的发展需要。  相似文献   

城市社区中心空间特征及其影响要素研究——以杭州市西湖区为例     

阮一晨  刘声  李王鸣  章明宇 《地理科学》2021,41(1):74-82

以杭州市西湖区为实证,采用高德地图POI数据,通过DBSCAN聚类识别459个社区中心,从空间布局、组织形式、空间关联3方面入手刻画其空间特征,在此基础上通过Logistic回归判断中心数量、能级的影响因素,研究表明:① 社区中心分布呈现空间集聚性和“一区多片”的整体结构,具有圈层分布和道路亲缘性特征。② 社区中心存在“强-弱”的中心网络结构,在小尺度上则由强弱中心互补形成团簇,并在社区层面形成功能较为完整的网络结构。③ 社区中心内公共服务有引领性作用,能促进社区中心形成,且中心内设施具有同类集聚的特征。④ 常住人口总量是最主要的影响要素,道路分割、户籍比、平均高程、社区组织类型对中心的形成有显著意义,人口密度、公司企业数等对中心数量与能级有重要影响。  相似文献   

Diversity of Plant Resources in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park in Harbin,China     

LI Qingnan  LIANG Yinghui  MU Dan  YAO Dandan 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2021,12(6):822-828

Wetland parks play various ecological roles, including maintaining regional ecological balance, and connoting and compensating water sources. Taking Harbin Qunli National Urban Wetland Park as the research object, the diversity of plant resources in wetland parks is investigated and analyzed with the goal of providing a scientific basis for ecological restoration and the conservation and utilization of urban wetlands. Field survey, sampling and data collection methods were used to study the wetland plant resources and their life types (e.g., vines or shrubs), ecological types and distribution types. The study found 60 families, 129 genera and 160 species of wetland plants in Qunli National Urban Wetland Park, including 56 families, 123 genera and 151 species of angiosperms, which include 48 families, 101 genera and 127 species of dicotyledons and 8 families, 22 genera and 24 species of monocotyledons; 2 families, 2 genera and 3 species of ferns; and 2 families, 4 genera and 6 species of gymnosperms. The family composition is dominated by those families that included 10 or more species, and the dominant families are Compositae and Rosaceae. The genus composition is dominated by genera with four or more species present, and the dominant genera are Acer, Malus and Artemisia. Among the six life types, herbaceous plants are dominant, with a proportion of 62.50% of the species. The ecological types are divided into three categories: wet, mesophytic and aquatic plants, with wet plants accounting for the largest proportion, i.e., 56.25% of the total number of plant species. There are five distribution types of plant families and 10 types of the genera, with both families and genera dominated by the Northern Temperate types, so the flora has obvious temperate characteristics.  相似文献   

基于熵权物元模型的土地生态安全评价——重庆市江津区实证          下载免费PDF全文

陈伊多  杨庆媛  杨人豪  曾黎 《干旱区地理》2018,41(1):185-194

土地生态安全评价是区域生态文明建设以及维护区域生态安全与社会经济可持续发展的基础工作,近年来受到广泛关注。通过构建基于熵权物元模型的土地生态安全评价体系,并以重庆市江津区为案例开展实证研究。结果表明：（1） 江津区土地生态安全形式总体好转,但土地生态安全整体情况较差,还需要进行大力整治。（2） 江津区各乡镇土地生态安全等级具有明显的区域差异性。（3） 重点对土地生态安全状况差的区域进行整改,土地生态安全高的区域需继续保持生态优先的政策导向是下一步政府工作的重点。  相似文献